GEOGRAPHY - Form Six - AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

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AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

The Meaning of Agriculture

- Agriculture is the art and science of growing plants and other crops and raising animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain. 

- Agriculture is the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

- Agriculture is the systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under the management of man.

- Agriculture is the growing of both plants and animals for human needs

- Agriculture is the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

- Agriculture is the branch of science which deals with crop cultivation and animal keeping.

Crop cultivation is also called arable farming, and animal keeping is called pastoral  farming or livestock husbandry.

Originally, agriculture was considered to involve cultivation of crops only. In modern times, it has expanded to include rearing of animals, poultry keeping, fish farming and even keeping of non conventional animals such as crocodiles and ostriches. Even activities like storage, processing and marketing of agricultural produce are regarded as part of agriculture.

Agriculture is categorised as a primary activity since it involves the production of raw materials that can be used by other industries.

Agricuture

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

There are two types of agriculture namely, small-scale agriculture and large-scale agriculture.

1. SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE

Small-scale agriculture is the production of crops and livestock on a small-piece of land without using advanced and expensive technologies. This type of farming is usually characterised by intensive labour and in most cases, animal traction, limited use of agrochemicals and supply to the local or surrounding markets.

In small scale agriculture, the land does not exceed four hectares. It is practiced for both subsistence and commercial purposes. Where the farming is practised for subsistence purpose, most of the produce is reserved for consumption. Where, it is practised for subsistence purpose, most of the produce is sold for cash to earn income.

                      

Characteristics of Small Farming at Subsistence Level

1. Labor force involves the use of members of the families

2. Implication of simple tools like hoes, pangas to cultivate and few cases they use animals.

3. There are varieties of ways to improve the fertility such as the use of organic manure, mulching (covering the top soil with dead crops and animal remains to retain moisture),

4. Many crops are grown at once. You can find the farm with mixed crops such as beans, maize, sunflower and some watermelon.

5. Very little or no surplus. This is because subsistence agriculture is for consumption.

6. The land cultivated for subsistence farming is always small

7. Little or no use of technology inform of seeds, manure and tools.

8. The common are maize (African staple food), millet, sunflower, fruits and vegetables.

Advantages of Small Scale Agriculture

1. It is cheap because of the use of simple tools, local manure and local seeds

2. it provides food required to feed the population eg. Maize, millet and wheat

3. Provide employments to the family members

4. It provides raw materials for the industries like like cotton, tobacco, tea and coffee

5. It has encouraged the development of settlement among the farmers

6. It needs small area of land hence encourges the environmental conservation aspect

Disadvantages Difficult in Applications of Machines

1. There is low production due to the use of simple tools, poor methods and poor diseases control.

2. poor quality of products of due to the use of poor farming methods and failure to control diseases

3. Poverty among the farmers due to low production

4. Poor use of fertilizers can cause soil exhaustion

5. Poor storage facilities which lead to losses

Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Small Scale Agriculture

Rapid population; is the demographic situation where number of people at a given area is greater than the available resources. The available resources may include; Land, Water, Minerals etc.

Over population is sometimes called population pressure Continuous increase in the number of people is serious problem facing small scale agriculture because:

1. It leads to pressure for land
2. It leads to land degradation

3. amount of rainfall decrease because of clearing vegetation

4. there occurs shortage of food leading to starvation or famine

5. poor health among the farmers due to shortage of food 

6.  It reduces the average size of land,

7. Over exploitation which lead to reduced soil fertility. In the other side increasing population has increased amount of labour force in agriculture.                                              

TYPES OF SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE

There are two types of small scale agriculture;

1. Shifting cultivation / non sedentary

2. Bush fallowing / rotational

1. SHIFTING CULTIVATION

Is the system in which a peasant keeps on shifting from one area to another as a result of soil exhaustion. In this type of agriculture peasants cultivates certain piece of land until the soil is exhausted after 2-5 years then shifts to a new piece of land where he cleans and cultivates. It is the oldest method. Done by burning of trees on a given area and set the area ready for cultivation. The crops grown most of them being scanty crops It involves slashing and burning of bushes and grasses.

It is practiced when there is low population for easy shifting and possession of a certain piece of land Production is for subsistence Simple tools are used like hand hoes because of low technology. The cultivators do not have permanent settlements since they expect to leave any time , sites are selected in the virgin forest and therefore tend to be fertile

Advantages

1. More than one crop can be harvested in a plot

2. Burning involves production of ashes which assist in soil fertility

3. Food supply is assured since the family cultivates for self-sufficient basics

4. The system does not cost since simple tools are used for production

5. Family labour is used in the production process

Disadvantages

1. Deforestation and soil erosion

2. The use of fire kills [destroys] the natural habitats and wild animals

3. The system can be applied on the low populated areas

4. Low productivity because the plots are small and due to poor control of pests and diseases.

5. Destruction of ozone layer due to burning of bushes and grasses.

Decline of Shifting Cultivation

Shifting cultivation nowadays decline due to the following reasons;

1. Increased population, rapid increase of population has resulted in the shortage of land for cultivation

2. Advancement of science and technology

3. Influence of government policy which encourages on sedentary and other farming types which are environmental friendly.

4. Reaction from environmentalists Engagement of people in other economic activities

2. BUSH FALLOWING

Is the system of farming in which peasant cultivates in a certain area until it gets exhausted and leave it for a certain period of time to regain its fertility. It differs from shifting cultivation in that farmers are settled and hence are rotating rather than shifting to a new home. Rotational bush fallowing is the simplest form of sedentary farming. This system took place after shifting cultivation failed to perform well due to increase in population.

Characteristics of Rotational / Bush fallowing

1. Simplest tools are used through slightly more advanced technology than shifting cultivation Slashing and burning of bushes

2. The community can involve or engage itself into other activities like fishing,

hunting etc

3. Farmers are settled but the farms are the ones which are rotating.

Advantages

1. Since the people are settled they engage fully and effectively in the production process.

2. Slashing and burning involved in the farm preparation adds fertility to the land                     

3. Fallowing gives room for the improvement of the soil and encourages the recovery of vegetation

4. It takes places where there is high population unlike shifting cultivation

5. Farmers can involve in other economic activities such as fishing

Disadvantages                                                                                                                          

1. There is low production because of the use of low technology and simple tools 
2. Slashing and burning can lead to environmental degradation as well as loss of biodiversity                                                                                                                             
3. Poor trade among communities               

Ways of Improving Small Scale Agriculture

1. Proper ways of using fertilizers and pesticides etc

2. To educate farmers on good farming methods/practices

3. To discourage some traditional ways of life i.e. sex preference

4. Farmers should be given loans

5. To establish market for selling crops

6. The government should facilitate good transport and communication network

7. To encourage people to have permanent settlements so that they can organize their farms

2. LARGE SCALE FARMING

Is a type of agriculture which takes place in a large area of land approximately 100 hectares. This is also known as commercial agriculture or state agriculture. The money gained from large scale agriculture is essential for keeping the system going on. The type of farming practiced is normally monoculture. In developing countries monoculture is associated with tropical and sub-tropical plantations which were established through European colonization. The most pronounced from large scale agriculture is plantation agriculture

Characteristics of large scale farming

1. Involves the production of cash crops

2. Only one crop is produced [monoculture]

3. Farms are very large found in sparsely populated areas

4. Use of high levels of technology [tools are very much modern] hence high capital.

5. It involve the use of skilled and unskilled labourers.

Advantages of Large Scale Agriculture

1. Productivity is very high and large amounts of capital/income is obtained

2. Risk of pests and diseases is highly reduced

3. Promotes the growth of other sectors

4. Promote the development of social services i.e. Housing Electricity And water supply

5. Provides employment to the people.

6. It is the source of foreign money exchange.

Disadvantages of Large Scale Agriculture

1. Large capital is needed

2. Fluctuation of price in the world market [the farmers may face loss when the price falls down]

3. It causes unequal development in different areas

4. Loss of soil fertility due to continuous application of artificial fertilizers for example ammonia sulfate

5. It involves the exploitation of workers

6. It causes air pollution

7. It may cause separation of people away from home.

Problems Facing Large Scale Agriculture

1. Population increase which resulted into short age of land.

2. Lack of Government support.

3. Loss of soil fertility due to the act of practicing monoculture.

Ways to Improve Large Scale Agriculture

1. The Government should enact and implement laws about population increase e.g family planning policy.

2. The Government should improve transport and communication systems such as railways, roads etc.

3. The Government should control rural-urban migration to overcome the problem of labour supply

4. The Government should provide loans/capital to the farmers

5. The Government / stakeholders should encourage the use of modern farming methods such as the use of machine and fertilizer

PLANTATION AGRICULTURE

Refers to the large farm or large area of land designed for agricultural growth. Often includes housing for the owner and workers. The crops planted for commercial purposes. Major African countries involving in plantation agriculture:

1. Palm oil are found in Nigeria and DRC,

2. Rubber –Liberia,

3. Sisal – Tanzania (Morogoro, Tanga),

4. Tea - Malawi and Kenya,

5. Sugar – South Africa,

6. Tobacco – Zimbabwe & Tanzania (Lyamungu)

The major crops grown in plantation agriculture includes the following:

1. Coffee

There are several types of coffee but the famous ones are three;

a) Arabica; Have large leaves and can grow to 9m high; It has the finest flavor

b) Robusta; They grow up to 5m tall

c) Liberica; It is a low land coffee 

Uses of Coffee 
1. Beverage packing 
2. Source of income 
3. Leaves are used as medicine to treat stomach aches 
4. Trees are used as fire wood 
5. Pulps are used for fertilizers. 

The chief producers of coffee in the world are such as; Brazil Columbia Ivory coast. And the other percent comes from Mexico Uganda Indonesia Ethiopia India In Tanzania coffee is produced in Mbeya, Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Bukoba.

2. Cotton

It is an annual crop which is divided into three varieties basing on the size of the fibrous and the lint. It is grown in Egypt and Persia. In Kenya, cotton is grown in Nyanza district while in Uganda cotton is grown in the Buganda District.

3. Tea

Tea is grown in Tanzania mainly in Mbeya, Bukoba, Iringa, Kagera and Tanga regions. Cotton In Kenya, cotton is grown in Nyanza district while in Uganda cotton is grown in the Buganda District.

4. Sisal

In Tanzania sisal is mostly grown in Tanga, Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Morogoro, Lindi and Mtwara regions. Mombasa, Thika, Murang’a, Machakos and Taita Taveta are areas where sisal is produced in Kenya.

5. Wheat

The wheat yields in the world are highest from countries of Western Europe. The following are leading producers of wheat: Russia, usa, China, India, Canada France, Turkey, Australia, Pakistani, German, Romania, Itary and Argentina. In East Africa, Kenya is the leading procedure of wheat followed by Tanzania.

LIVESTOCK / PASTORAL FARMING

It is the keeping / rearing of animals (goats, cattle, sheep) and poultry (birds) .It can be distinguished into traditional (subsistence) livestock keeping and modern(commercial) livestock keeping

1. TRADITIONAL / SUBSISTENCE LIVESTOCK KEEPING

Livestock are kept in one permanent place. Food and water are brought to the animals hence zero grazing because no grazing is involved.

A. Pastoralism

Pastoralism is an economic activity which involves grazing livestock (animals) on natural pastures. The pure pastoral societies of East Africa include: Maasai, Karamajong. The cultivator pastoralists (mixed farmers) include the Sukuma, Gogo and Nyamwezi.

                           

B. Nomadic Pastoralism

Is practiced by wondering groups of people in remote areas especially semi –desert and desert areas. Nomads are members of a group of people who having no fixed home, move around seasonally in search of food and water. The farmers specialize in keeping animals on natural pasture land for example, Masai, Barbaigs, Kwavi, Karamajong. 

They keep on moving looking for water and grazing land (pasture)  
They live in simple temporary houses. 
Their wealth depends on number of cattle they have thus they do not sell their animals unless are exchanged for necessary requirements, hence the problem of overstocking, soil erosion and desertification.

Characteristics of Nomadic Pastoralism

1. Animals i.e. cattle are kept for prestige, for paying bride gift, for food and for sale.

2. The breeding process is uncontrolled

3. The herds are large in size

4. There is poor control of pests and other diseases

5. The animals are of poor quality and low value

6. It takes place where the population is scarce

7. There is no permanent settlement as farmers move constantly with animals

8. There is no crop cultivation and therefore animals are the support for family life.

9. There is poor or no use of technology.

Advantages of Nomadic Pastoralism

1. It is cheap

2. It guarantees food for the family especially when the animals are many

3. Some traditional varieties of animals are resistant to diseases and other environmental hardships

Disadvantages of Nomadic Pastoralism

1. The animals produce little milk and of low value

2. A lot of time is wasted moving from one place to another

3. This system of livestock keeping causes soil erosion and desertification

4. Many animals perish due to lack of pests control

C. Semi-Nomadic / Sedentary Pastoralism

This is the system of livestock keeping in which a farmer has started selling and began growing crops to supplement pastoral activities. The farmers travel from their home state with their herds to distant places grazing, in search of pasture and water especially during the dry season.

D. Sedentary Livestock Farming

This is a system of livestock keeping where by a farmer keeps animals while settled permanently in one place.

                        

Factors for the Change from Nomadic Pastoralism to Sedentary Livestock Farming

1. Population increase has decreased the size of the pasture

2. Involvement of farmers in other economic activities

3. Advancement of technology iv) Government advice

Characteristics of Sedentary Livestock Farming

1. More advanced technology is used

2. The number of animals is not so high

3. The animals are kept in shades

4. There is disease control

5. It can be practiced in relatively densely populated areas e.g. town

Advantages of Sedentary Livestock Farming

1. The animals are healthy and hence have high yields

2. There is a disease control

3. The method encourages the improvement of the environment

4. Sedentary live stock keeping enables the farmer to engage themselves in other activities.

2. COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK FARMING

This is the practice of keeping livestock for sale. It includes Beef farming and dairy farming on ranches. 

Beef farming is keeping of animals for production of meat for sale

Dairy farming is keeping of animals for production of milk for sale

Commercial livestock farming is more developed in the temperate grasslands such as the prairies of USA and Canada, the pampas of Argentina and the downs of Australia.

Characteristics of Commercial Livestock Farming

1. Commercial livestock farming takes place in ranches which occupy thousands of hectares.

2. It is characterized by the application of modern scientific and technology methods.

3. It normally involves the use of improved breeds or hybrids in order to advance high yields.

4.It is capital intensive, substantial amount of capital is required for farm machinery and fencing.

5. Large amount of animals is kept for commercial purpose (sale) rather than for subsistence purpose.

6. There is little or no migration in livestock farming. This is due to the permanent and reliable food supply

7. The animals are of high quality and value.

Advantages of Commercial Livestock Farming

1. It stimulates the development of other sectors such as industry

2. It reduces unemployment through creating employment chances

3. It generates government revenue

4. It provides food products such as meat and milk.

5. They are source foreign exchange.

Disadvantages of Commercial Livestock Farming

1. It involves ranches which are expensive to maintain and establish.

2. It needs large areas with scarce population; therefore it cannot take place where the population is high.

3. It may cause environmental problems such as land degradation, deforestation.

4. It influences climate changes due to deforestation in order to establish ranches.

Comparativestudy of livestock keeping between Australia and Tanzania.

Livestock keeping in Tanzania and Australia has some similarities and differences

Similarities

1. Livestock keeping in both countries there are common types of livestock kept. There mainly cattle, goats, sheep and poultry.

2. Animal products ad like animals are sold in both countries, some common products meat, milk, skin, etc.

3. In both Countries are practiced at both the subsistence ad commercial levels.

4. Sedentary livestock keeping is practiced in both countries. This is done in areas that are highly populated .E.g. Chagga in Tanzania

5. Ranching in Tanzania ad Australia is carried out in the sparsely populated areas. In Tanzania, It is mainly carried out i areas such as Kagera, Tanga, and Morogoro which in Australia this is practiced in the areas. Referred to as outback.

Differences

1. In Australia more scientific methods are employed in the management and running of livestock keeping compared to Tanzania. Australia they use paddocks, animal food supplements and proper animal health care.

2. Livestock keeping in Australia is more advanced than in Tanzania For example when it comes to use of machinery in activities such as milking ad sheep shearing.

3. Pastoralism and sedentary livestock keeping ad the main types of livestock keeping practised in Tanzania while in Australia, ranching in the main type of livestock keeping.

4. In Tanzania main types of animals kept are cattle while in Australia main types of animals kept are sheep.

5. Ranching in Tanzania ad Australia is carried out in the sparsely populated areas. In Tanzania, It is mainly carried out in areas such as Kagera, Tanga and Morogoro while In Australia; this is mainly practiced in the areas.