COMMERCE: FORM THREE: Topic 3 - MARKETING

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TOPIC 3: MARKETING

Marketing is a very important process in the development of any country. We have to be able to understand what is marketing before we start exploring more about it. Lets watch this video below, you can give out your opinions on the discussion forum.

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Marketing

Meaning of the Term Market from "Marketing"

Define the term "market" from "marketing"

Marketing are activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. It includes advertising, selling and delivering products to people. People who work in marketing departments of companies try to get the attention of target audiences by using slogans, packaging design, celebrity endorsements and general media exposure. The four 'Ps' of marketing are product, place, price and promotion.

Market:

An area or place where buyers and sellers meet to transact, that is, to exchange goods and services, like the Kariakoo market in Dar es salaam Tanzania.
is a situation or condition in which buyers and sellers transact or exchange goods and services. For exchange, trade through e-commerce whereby people can exchange goods through the internet.

FUNCTION OF MARKET

To facilitate transaction
Source of supply
Contact between buyers and sellers.
Increase production

FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING

Distribution; is about deciding how you'll get the goods or services you want to sell to the people who want to buy them. Having an idea for a product is great, but if you aren't able to get that product to the customers you aren't going to make money. Distribution can be as easy as setting up shop in the part of a city where your target customers are -- but in an increasingly interconnected world, distribution more often than not now means that you'll need to take your products or services to the customers.
Financing; It takes money to make money. As a business owner, an important function of marketing a product is finding the money through investments, loans, or your personal capital to finance the creation and advertising of your goods or services.
Market Research; Market research is about gathering information concerning your target customers. Who are the people you want to sell to? Why should they buy from you as opposed to a rival business? Answering these questions requires that you do some on-the-ground observation of the market trends and competing products.
Pricing; Setting the correct price for your product or service can be a challenge. If you price it too high, you might lose customers -- but if you price it too low you might be robbing yourself of profits. The "right" price normally comes through trial and error and doing some market research.
Product and Service Management; Once you've determined the target market and set the price of your product or service, the goal becomes to effectively manage the product or service. This involves listening to customers, responding to their wants and needs, and keeping your products and services fresh and up to date.
Promotion; Most business owners are familiar with the idea of promotion. Advertising your products and services is essential to attracting new customers and keeping existing customers coming back. As the marketplace changes, you'll want to respond appropriately by tailoring your promotion messages to new media (such as Facebook or Twitter), by sticking with more conventional outlets -- or by using a mix of the old and new.
Selling; While we tend to think of selling and marketing as being closely linked, selling is last on the list of the seven functions of marketing. This is because selling can happen only after you've determined the wants and needs of your customer base and are able to respond with the right products at the right price point and time frame.

Importance of marketing can be studied as follows:

Marketing Helps in Transfer, Exchange and Movement of Goods: Marketing is very helpful in transfer, exchange and movement of goods. Goods and services are made available to customers through various intermediaries’ viz., wholesalers and retailers etc. Marketing is helpful to both producers and consumers.To the former, it tells about the specific needs and preferences of consumers and to the latter about the products that manufacturers can offer. According to Prof. Haney Hansen “Marketing involves the design of the products acceptable to the consumers and the conduct of those activities which facilitate the transfer of ownership between seller and buyer.”
Marketing Is Helpful In Raising And Maintaining The Standard Of Living Of The Community:Marketing is above all the giving of a standard of living to the community. Paul Mazur states, “Marketing is the delivery of standard of living”. Professor Malcolm McNair has further added that “Marketing is the creation and delivery of standard of living to the society”.By making available the uninterrupted supply of goods and services to consumers at a reasonable price, marketing has played an important role in raising and maintaining living standards of the community. Community comprises of three classes of people i.e., rich, middle and poor. Everything which is used by these different classes of people is supplied by marketing.In the modern times, with the emergence of latest marketing techniques even the poorer sections of society have attained a reasonable level of living standard. This is basically due to large scale production and lesser prices of commodities and services. Marketing has infact, revolutionised and modernised the living standard of people in modern times.
Marketing Creates Employment: Marketing is complex mechanism involving many people in one form or the other. The major marketing functions are buying, selling, financing, transport, warehousing, risk bearing and standardisation, etc. In each such function different activities are performed by a large number of individuals and bodies.Thus, marketing gives employment to many people. It is estimated that about 40% of total population is directly or indirectly dependent upon marketing. In the modern era of large scale production and industrialisation, role of marketing has widened.This enlarged role of marketing has created many employment opportunities for people. Converse, Huegy and Mitchell have rightly pointed out that “In order to have continuous production, there must be continuous marketing, only then employment can be sustained and high level of business activity can be continued”.
Marketing as a Source of Income and Revenue: The performance of marketing function is all important, because it is the only way through which the concern could generate revenue or income and bring in profits. Buskirk has pointed out that, “Any activity connected with obtaining income is a marketing action. It is all too easy for the accountant, engineer, etc., to operate under the broad assumption that the Company will realise many dollars in total sales volume.However, someone must actually go into the marketplace and obtain dollars from society in order to sustain the activities of the company, because without these funds the organisation will perish.”Marketing does provide many opportunities to earn profits in the process of buying and selling the goods, by creating time, place and possession utilities. This income and profit are reinvested in the concern, thereby earning more profits in future. Marketing should be given the greatest importance, since the very survival of the firm depends on the effectiveness of the marketing function.
Marketing Acts as a Basis for Making Decisions:A businessman is confronted with many problems in the form of what, how, when, how much and for whom to produce? In the past problems was less on account of local markets. There was a direct link between producer and consumer.In modern times marketing has become a very complex and tedious task. Marketing has emerged as new specialised activity along with production.As a result, producers are depending largely on the mechanism of marketing, to decide what to produce and sell. With the help of marketing techniques a producer can regulate his production accordingly.
Marketing Acts as a Source of New Ideas:The concept of marketing is a dynamic concept. It has changed altogether with the passage of time. Such changes have far reaching effects on production and distribution. With the rapid change in tastes and preference of people, marketing has to come up with the same.Marketing as an instrument of measurement, gives scope for understanding this new demand pattern and thereby produce and make available the goods accordingly.
Marketing Is Helpful In Development Of An Economy: Adam Smith has remarked that “nothing happens in our country until somebody sells something”. Marketing is the kingpin that sets the economy revolving. The marketing organisation, more scientifically organised, makes the economy strong and stable, the lesser the stress on the marketing function, the weaker will be the economy.

A market is defined as the sum total of all the buyers and sellers in the area or region under consideration. The area may be the earth, or countries, regions, states, or cities. OR An actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and where buyers and sellers interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade goods, services, or contracts or instruments, for money or barter.

The value, cost and price of items traded are as per forces of supply and demand in a market. The market may be a physical entity, or may be virtual. It may be local or global, perfect and imperfect. A market can be called the 'available market' - that of all the people in the area. Within the available market, there is the 'market minimum'- or the market size, which will buy goods without any marketing effort. This is the lowest sale that a company could get without any action on its part. In today's world, this level is sinking ever lower.

Various Types of Market

Identify the various types of markets

CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS

a)Market types

Commodity market: market involving selling and buying of final goods and services that is goods that are ready for consumption. For example sells commodities like shoes, clothes etc
Factor market: market involving buying and selling of labour at a given wage rate.
Financial market: Involves selling and buying of financial assets such as security, bonds and treasury bills.

b)Market structure

In market economies, there are a variety of different market systems that exist, depending on the industry and the companies within that industry. It is important for small business owners to understand what type of market system they are operating in when making pricing and production decisions, or when determining whether to enter or leave a particular industry.

Perfect Competition;Perfect competition is a market system characterized by many different buyers and sellers. In the classic theoretical definition of perfect competition, there are an infinite number of buyers and sellers. With so many market players, it is impossible for any one participant to alter the prevailing price in the market. If they attempt to do so, buyers and sellers have infinite alternatives to pursue.
Monopoly;A monopoly is the exact opposite form of market system as perfect competition. In a pure monopoly, there is only one producer of a particular good or service, and generally no reasonable substitute. In such a market system, the monopolist is able to charge whatever price they wish due to the absence of competition, but their overall revenue will be limited by the ability or willingness of customers to pay their price.
Oligopoly;An oligopoly is similar in many ways to a monopoly. The primary difference is that rather than having only one producer of a good or service, there are a handful of producers, or at least a handful of producers that make up a dominant majority of the production in the market system. While oligopolists do not have the same pricing power as monopolists, it is possible, without diligent government regulation, that oligopolists will collude with one another to set prices in the same way a monopolist would.
Monopolistic Competition; Monopolistic competition is a type of market system combining elements of a monopoly and perfect competition. Like a perfectly competitive market system, there are numerous competitors in the market. The difference is that each competitor is sufficiently differentiated from the others that some can charge greater prices than a perfectly competitive firm. An example of monopolistic competition is the market for music. While there are many artists, each artist is different and is not perfectly substitutable with another artist.
Monopsony;Market systems are not only differentiated according to the number of suppliers in the market. They may also be differentiated according to the number of buyers. Whereas a perfectly competitive market theoretically has an infinite number of buyers and sellers, a monopsony has only one buyer for a particular good or service, giving that buyer significant power in determining the price of the products produced.

Product Planning and Development

Explain product planning and development

Marketing activities.

Product development is the process of designing, creating and marketing new products or services to benefit customers. Sometimes referred to as new product development, the discipline is focused on developing systematic methods for guiding all the processes involved in getting a new product to market.

Branding

Explain Branding

2.Branding is a marketing strategy that involves creating a differentiated name and image -- often using a logo and/or tag line -- in order to establish a presence in the consumer's mind and attract and keep customers.

Grading

Explain Grading

4. Grading is the process of sorting individual units of a product into well defined classes or grades of quality. The goods are graded or sorted out into different lots in accordance with the specified standards. The established standards lay down the grades of the product. In case of manufactured goods, goods can be of uniform quality. But agricultural products like fruits and vegetables, etc., vary in quality. Therefore, classes or grades of quality are set and different units of the product are sorted into the established standard grades. Thus, grading involves the division of products into classes made up of units possessing similar characteristics of size and quality.

Standardizing

Explain Standardizing

3. Standardization refers to the process of setting up basic measures or standards to which the products must conform and taking steps to ensure that the goods actually produced adhere to these standards. Standards reflect desirable features of a product in terms of its design, weight, colour, etc. Standardization means that goods are of a specified and uniform quality. Grading is the process of sorting individual units of a product into well defined classes or grades of quality.

Standardization and Grading are interdependent activities. Standardization lay down the standards or grade of quality. Grading involves classifying the products into specific lots as per the established standards.

Advantages of Standardization and Grading

Standardization and Grading are useful marketing functions as they offer the following advantages:

Standardization and Grading facilitate buying and selling of goods by sample or description. When goods are of standardized quality, customers do not insist on detailed inspection.
Standardized goods sell better and fetch a better price to the seller because customers have more faith in them.
Standardization and Grading enable the producer to direct the goods of different qualities towards the market best suited to them. The task of middlemen becomes easy because they can communicate well the characteristics of standardized products to customers.
Transportation, storage and advertising expenses can be reduced by handling different grades or lots.
Standardized goods enjoy a wider market.
Standardization and Grading facilitate trading of goods on the commodity exchange. Hedging, future trading and price comparisons become easy.
Standardization and Grading helps in raising finance because standardized products enjoy a ready market and they are readily accepted as a collateral security for granting loans.
Standardized products can be easily valued and their prices fluctuate less widely. This helps in making insurance claims in the event of loss or damages to the goods.

Packing and Packaging

Explain packing and packaging

What is Packing

Packing is the preparation of a product for storage or transportation. Packing can be simply defined as the process of wrapping or binding the product in a manner appropriate for transporting, handling or storing. In packing, we can use different processes like wrapping, cushioning, weatherproofing, sealing, etc. The process of packing depends on the nature of the product. For example, if the product is very fragile, we use multiple layers of bubble wraps. The noun packing refers to the material used to protect or cover the product and prevent it from moving around. Material such as bubble wrap, cardboard, cellophane, foam packagings, etc. are some examples of packing materials. The purpose of packing is to provide protection against damage, leakage, pilferage, etc. Though we are treating packing and packaging as two processes in this article, it is important to know that packing is part of the packaging.

What is Packaging

Packaging is the technique of enclosing or protecting products for sale or transport. Packaging includes the process of packing, but it does not stop there. It contains many more steps including sales promotion and marketing. Packaging is concerned with the manner in which a product is placed in a container in a safe, comfortable and attractive. It also deals with the appearance, design, colours that would attract consumers since it plays a major role in attracting the consumers.
In the past, packaging consisted of natural materials such as reed baskets, woven bags, clay jars, wooden barrels, etc. But in the contemporary society various synthetic items such as plastic and polythene are used for packaging.

Market Research

Explain Market research

Market research is the process of analyzing data to help you understand which products and services are in demand, and how to be competitive. Market research can also provide valuable insight to help you: Reduce business risks. Spot current and upcoming problems in your industry. Identify sales opportunities.

Merchandising

Explain Merchandising

Merchandising is the activity of promoting the sale of goods at retail.Merchandising activities may include display techniques, free samples, on-the-spot demonstration, pricing, shelf talkers, special offers, and other point-of-sale methods. According to American Marketing Association, merchandising encompasses "planning involved in marketing the right merchandise or service at the right place, at the right time, in the right quantities, and at the right price."

Meaning of the Term "Advertisement"

Explain the term "advertisement"

Advertising is a means of communication with the users of a product or service. Advertisements are messages paid for by those who send them and are intended to inform or influence people who receive them, as defined by the Advertising Association of the UK. Advertising is always present, though people may not be aware of it. In today's world, advertising uses every possible media to get its message through. It does this via television, print (newspapers, magazines, journals etc), radio, press, internet, direct selling, hoardings, mailers, contests, sponsorships, posters, clothes, events, colours, sounds, visuals and even people (endorsements).

The advertising industry is made of companies that advertise agencies that create the advertisements, media that carries the ads, and a host of people like copy editors, visualizes, brand managers, researchers, creative heads and designers who take it the last mile to the customer or receiver. A company that needs to advertise itself and/or its products hires an advertising agency. The company briefs the agency on the brand, its imagery, the ideals and values behind it, the target segments and so on. The agencies convert the ideas and concepts to create the visuals, text, layouts and themes to communicate with the user. After approval from the client, the ads go on air, as per the bookings done by the agency's media buying unit.

Objectives of Advertising

To introduce a new product by creating interest for it among the prospective customers.
To support personal selling programmed. Advertising may be used to open customers’ doors for salesmen.
To reach people inaccessible to salesmen.
To enter a new market or attract a new group of customers.
To fight competition in the market and to increase the sales.
To enhance the goodwill of the enterprise by promising better quality products and services.

Functions of Advertising:

Advertising has become an essential marketing activity in the modern era of large-scale production and severe competition in the market.

It performs the following functions:

Promotion of Sales: Advertising promotes the sale of goods and services by informing and persuading the people to buy them. A good advertising campaign helps in winning customers and generating revenues.
Introduction of New Products: Advertising helps in the introduction of new products in the market. A business enterprise can introduce itself and its products to the public through advertising. Advertising enables quick publicity in the market.
Support to Production System: Advertising facilitates large-scale production. The business firm knows that it will be able to sell on a large-scale with the help of advertising. Mass production will reduce the cost of production per unit by making possible the economical use of various factors of production.
Increasing Standard of Living: Advertising educates the people about the products and their uses. It is advertising which has helped people in adopting new ways of life and giving up old habits. It has contributed a lot towards the betterment of the standard of living of the society.
Public Image: Advertising builds up the reputation of the advertiser. Advertising enables a business firm to communicate its achievements and its efforts to satisfy the customers’ needs to the public. This increases the goodwill and reputation of the firm.
Support to Media: Advertising sustains press. Advertising provides an important source of revenue to the publishers of newspapers and magazines and the producers of T.V. programmes.

The Various Types of Advertisements

Point out the various types of advertisements

Types of advertising can be classified as follows:

According to the number of audience to be reached by the media

Indirect advertising: This is advertising to the public as a whole e.g by means of posters as it doesn’t appeal to any specific group of customers.
Direct advertising: This is advertising in which a product or service appeals only to a limited number of people e.g. advertising through the press aim at selling to those who read.

According to the type of goods, audience and customers behavior toward the product.

Informative Advertising

Informative advertising is often used when launching a new product, or for an updated or relaunched product. The objective is to develop initial demand for a good, service, organization, or cause. It is used when a new product is put on the market on when an old product has been re-launched or updated.

Informative advertising will tell the consumer and marketplace about the product, explain how it works, provide pricing and product information, and should build awareness for the product as well as the company. The image of the product and the company should be compatible and complementary. There should be enough information to motivate the consumer to take some sort of action.

Persuasive Advertising

Marketers use persuasive advertising to increase the demand for an existing good, service, or organization. The idea is persuade a target audience to change brands, buy their product, and develop customer loyalty. After the purchase, the quality of the product will dictate whether or not the customer will remain loyal or return to the previous brand.

Persuasive advertising is highly competitive when there are similar products in the marketplace, and products are competing for their share of the market. In this situation, the winning product will differentiate itself form the competition and possess benefits that are superior to, or compete strongly with, the competition. Comparative approaches are common place, either directly or indirectly.

Reminder Advertising

Reminder advertising reinforces previous promotional information. The name of the product, testimonials of past customers, public response, and sales techniques are repeated in the hopes of reminding past customers and garnering new ones. It is used to keep the public interested in, and aware of, a well-established product that is most likely at the end of the product life cycle.

https://www.boundless.com/marketing/textbooks/boundless-marketing-textbook/advertising-and-public-relations-13/the-advertising-campaign-88/informative-persuasive-and-reminder-advertising-438-219/images/coca-cola-mural/

Coca-Cola is an established brand which uses reminder advertising.

Generic Advertising is advertising designed to promote name recognition for a firm and securities as investments, but does not recommend specific securities. Generic advertising tends to use mass media as a way to promote the firm. TV, radio, billboard, magazine, newspaper and website ads are common forms of mass media. The ads highlight the name of the firm, and perhaps the firm's contact information as well, and are designed to generate public awareness of the firm. They will not, however, mention specific recommendations that the firm is currently making or has made in the past.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertisements

Mention the advantages and disadvantages of advertisements

Significance of Advertising:

Advertising helps in spreading information about the advertising firm, its products, qualities and place of availability of its products and so on. It helps to create a non-personal link between the advertiser and the receivers of the message.

The significance of advertising has increased in the modern era of large scale production and tough competition in the market. Advertising is needed not only to the manufacturers and traders but also to the customers and the society. The benefits of advertising to different parties are discussed in the following paragraphs.

Benefits to Manufacturers and Traders:

It pays to advertise. Advertising has become indispensable for the manufacturers and distributors because of the following advantages:

Advertising helps in introducing new products. A business enterprise can introduce itself and its products to the public through advertising.
Advertising develops new taste among the public and stimulates them to purchase the new product through effective communication.
Advertising assists to increase the sale of existing products by entering into new markets and attracting new customers.
Advertising helps in creating steady demand of the products. For instance, a drink may be advertised during summer as a product necessary to fight tiredness caused by heat and during winter as an essential thing to resist cold.
Advertising helps in meeting the forces of competition in the market. If a product is not advertised continuously, the competitors may snatch its market through increased advertisements. Therefore, in certain cases, advertising is necessary to remain in the market.
Advertising is used to increase the goodwill of the firm by promising improved quality to the customers.
Advertising increases the morale of the employees of the firm. The salesmen feel happier because their task becomes easier if the product is advertised and known to the public.
Advertising facilitates mass production of goods which enables the manufacturer to achieve lower cost per unit of product. Distribution costs are also lowered when the manufacturer sells the product directly to the customers. Advertising also facilitates distribution of the product through the retailers who are encouraged to deal in the advertised products.

Benefits to Customers:

Advertising offers the following advantages to customers:

Advertising helps the customers to know about the existence of various products and their prices. They can choose from the various products to satisfy their wants. Thus, they cannot be exploited by the sellers.
Advertising educates the people about new products and their diverse uses.
Advertising increases the utility of existing products for many people adding to the amount of satisfaction which they are already enjoying.
Advertising induces the manufacturers to improve the quality of their products through research and development. This ensures supply of better quality products to the customers.

Benefits to Society:

The whole society is benefited because of advertisement in the following ways:

Advertising provides employment to persons engaged in writing, designing and issuing advertisements, and also those who act as models. Increased employment brings additional income with the people which stimulate more demand. Employment is further generated to meet the increased demand.
Advertising promotes the standard of living of the people by increasing the variety and quality in consumption as a result of sustained research and development activities by the manufacturers.
Advertising educates the people about the various uses of different products and this increases their knowledge. Advertising also helps in finding customers in the international market which is essential for earning foreign exchange.
Advertising sustains the press, and other media. It provides an important source of income to the press, radio and television network. The customers are also benefitted because they get newspapers and magazines at cheaper rates. The publishers of newspapers and magazines are benefitted because of increased circulation of their publications. Lastly, advertising also encourages commercial art.

The Factors to be Considered when Choosing Advertising Media

Explain the factors to be considered when choosing advertising Media

ADVERTISING MEDIA

Is the means through which the advertisement is purveyed to the public.The term media refers in this context to the channels of communication used by the advertising industries e.g newspapers, television,radio etc.

Newspaper

Newspaper advertising can promote your business to a wide range of customers. Display advertisements are placed throughout the paper, while classified listings are under subject headings in a specific section.
You may find that a combination of advertising in your state/metropolitan newspaper and your local paper gives you the best results.

Magazine

Advertising in a specialist magazine can reach your target market quickly and easily. Readers (your potential customers) tend to read magazines at their leisure and keep them for longer, giving your advertisement multiple chances to attract attention. Magazines generally serve consumers (by interest group e.g. women) and trade (industry/business type e.g. hospitality).
If your products need to be displayed in colour then glossy advertisements in a magazine can be ideal - although they are generally more expensive than newspaper advertisements.
Magazines do not usually serve a small area such as a specific town. If your target market is only a small percentage of the circulation, then advertising may not be cost-effective.

Radio

Advertising on the radio is a great way to reach your target audience. If your target market listens to a particular station, then regular advertising can attract new customers.
However, sound has its limitations. Listeners can find it difficult to remember what they have heard and sometimes the impact of radio advertising is lost. The best way to overcome this is to repeat your message regularly - which increases your costs significantly. If you cannot afford to play your advertisement regularly, you may find that radio advertising does not generate strong results.

Television

Television has an extensive reach and advertising this way is ideal if you cater to a large market in a large area. Television advertisements have the advantage of sight, sound, movement and colour to persuade a customer to buy from you. They are particularly useful if you need to demonstrate how your product or service works.
Producing a television advertisement and then buying an advertising slot is generally expensive. Advertising is sold in units (e.g. 20, 30, 60 seconds) and costs vary according to:

The time slot
The television programme
Whether it is metro or regional
If you want to buy spots on multiple networks.

Directories

Directories list businesses by name or category (e.g. Yellow Pages phone directories). Customers who refer to directories have often already made up their mind to buy - they just need to decide who to buy from.
The major advantage of online directories over print directories is that if you change your business name, address or telephone number, you can easily keep it up to date in the directory. You can also add new services or information about your business.
If your target market uses print and online directories, it may be useful to advertise in both, although print directories are being used less.

Outdoor and transit

There are many ways to advertise outside and on-the-go. Outdoor billboards can be signs by the road or hoardings at sport stadiums. Transit advertising can be posters on buses, taxis and bicycles. Large billboards can get your message across with a big impact. If the same customers pass your billboard every day as they travel to work, you are likely to be the first business they think of when they want to buy a product.
Even the largest of billboards usually contain a limited amount of information; otherwise, they can be difficult to read. Including your website address makes it easy for customers to follow up and find out more about your business. Outdoor advertising can be very expensive especially for prime locations and supersite billboards.

Direct mail, catalogues and leaflets

Direct mail means writing to customers directly. The more precise your mailing list or distribution area, the more of your target market you will reach. A direct mail approach is more personal, as you can select your audience and plan the timing to suit your business. A cost effective form of direct mail is to send your newsletters or flyers electronically to an email database. Find out more about direct mail.
Catalogs, brochures and leaflets can also be distributed to your target area. Including a brochure with your direct mail is a great way to give an interested customer more information about your products and services. Learn more about leaflet marketing using letterbox drops andhandouts.

Online

Being on the internet can be a cost-effective way to attract new customers. You can reach a global audience at a low cost. Many customers research businesses online before deciding whom to buy from.
A well-designed website can entice customers to buy from you. There are a number of ways you can promote your business online via paid advertising or to improve your search engine rankings. Learn more about doing business online.
Other ways to advertise your business online include promoting your products or services on social media sites, blogs and search engines and other websites that your target audience visits. Find out more about social media.

OUTDOOR ADVERTISING

Outdoor advertising means exhibitions of advertisements at street corners, railways stations, bus stands, on moving vehicles etc intended to attract the ready attention of the passers by. reach your customers where they spend so much of their time behind the wheel.

Benefits of outdoor advertising

Immediate Awareness
Your customers will be immediately aware of your message
Tourists and Travelers Depend on Outdoor Advertising
Full Color Eye Catching Design as big as the Great Outdoors
http://www.parkoutdoor.com/advantages.aspx - America On the Road
Make Outdoor a Major Part of Your Media Mix
Increased Sales with Just One Glance

Advertising mail, also known as direct mail (by its senders), junk mail (by its recipients), or ad mail, is the delivery of advertising material to recipients of postal mail. The delivery of advertising mail forms a large and growing service for many postal services, and direct-mail marketing forms a significant portion of the direct marketing industry. Some organizations attempt to help people opt out of receiving advertising mail, in many cases motivated by a concern over its negative environmental impact.

Advertising mail includes advertising circulars, coupon envelopes (Money Mailer, Valpak), catalogues, CDs, “pre-approved” credit card applications, and other commercial merchandising materials delivered to homes and businesses. It may be addressed to pre-selected individuals, or unaddressed and delivered on a neighbourhood-by-neighbourhood basis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_mail - cite_note-3

Factors Governing of Advertising MediaSelection

Selection of a suitable medium for advertising is really a complex problem to the advertiser. There area number of kinds and classes of media in the modern advertising. Hence, the advertising media selection means not only the choice of the right classes of media out also the individualmedium within the class or classes. Besides there is no single medium that is bestsuited for all advertisers. In reality, a medium which is best suited for one may be almostuseless for another. The medium once employed for advertising a particular productitself may be found unsuited subsequently. Therefore, the right choice of a medium callsfor a careful analysis. If the medium is unsuited the whole amount of money spent onthe advertising campaign shall turn to be a waste.

The advertiser, therefore, while selecting the media, should consider the followingfactors:

Class of the audience: Firstly, the advertiser must note the class of theaudience to be influenced by the medium. The audience can be classified into differentgroups by their social status, age, income, educational standard, religion, culturalinterests. They may also be divided into men and women.
Extent of coverage: Secondly, the advertiser must consider the number ofaudience to be covered by the medium. Every media has a general as well as aneffective circulation. The general circulation is made up of the total number of peoplewho read or subscribe to the media. The effective circulation is the number prospectivecustomers who read it and the number of those who influences sales, though they maynot buy for themselves. Effective circulation must be considered while estimating thenumber of people to be covered. The extent to which the medium reaches the sameaudience as that covered by some other media i.e., the percentage of over-lapping mustalso be taken into account.
Nature of the product: Nature of the product itself is a principal factorgoverning the selection of the medium. Products can be classified into various kinds –consumer’s products and manufacturer’s products etc.
Nature of the competition: The nature of the competition exerts greaterinfluence of the selection of the media. If the competition is stiff utmost care is needed inthe selection of medium and a larger advertising budget is also required. In many caseswhere the advertising copy is similar or the choice of the media solely determines theeffectiveness of the campaign as compared with that of the other competitors.
Reputation of the medium: Newspapers and magazines can offer a beautifulillustration for the reputation of the media. There are a few newspapers and magazineswhich have international reputation with a high readership. Advertisements in suchmagazines and newspapers are generallyrecognizedand believed as true. Suchadvertisements also add prestige to the product.
Cost of the media: Cost of the medium in most cases, is an important factor inthe selection of the medium. Advertisements in certain media are expensive. Forinstance, TV and Radio advertisements. Magazines and newspaper advertisements aregenerally considered as less expensive. Yet, certain magazines and newspapers,having larger circulation and high reputation charge higher rates. The rates also differdepending upon the space occupied and the preferential positions. The first page of anewspaper is rarely missed by the reader. Hence they have more attention value, thanthe advertisements presented anywhere inside the newspaper.
Time and location of buying decisions: The location of the audience and thetime by which it should reach them must also be looked into. This consideration alsoenables the advertiser to keep his retail outlets in the proximity of the customers.

The Different Types of Marketing Institutions in Tanzania e.g. BET, Chamber of Commerce

Explain the different types of marketing institutions in Tanzania e.g. BET, chamber of commerce

Some of Marketing institutions in Tanzania :

BET (BOARD OF EXTERNAL TRADE)-It is a board Established to promote external trade.

Roles of the board of external trade

conducting marketing research
providing trade information to exporters
training of personnel in foreign trade
Consultancy service in product adaptation, packaging,costing ang pricing.

Exercise 1

QUIZ

Discuss the advantages of advertising to a firm.
Explain the functions of marketing in business.