CHEMISTRY NOTES FOR ORDINARY LEVEL Click the links below to view the notes: FORM ONE FORM TWO FORM THREE FORM FOUR THEDEFINITIONS OF CHEMISTRY Chemistry,the science thatdeals with the properties, composition,and structure of substances (defined as elements and compounds), thetransformations they undergo, and the energy that isreleased or absorbed during these processes. Chemistryis a branch of natural science that deals principally with the properties ofsubstances, the changes they undergo, and the natural laws that describe thesechanges. Chemistryis the study of matter,analysing its structure, properties and behaviour to see what happens…
Author: Msomi Bora
CHEMISTRY NOTES FOR FORM FOUR We have: Notes 1 and Notes 2 Notes 1 To view the Notes, click the following links below: TOPIC 1 – NON METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS TOPIC 2 – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TOPIC 3 – SOIL CHEMISTRY TOPIC 4 – POLLUTION TOPIC 5 – QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Notes 2 To view the Notes, click the following links below: 1. NON-METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS 2. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3. SOIL CHEMISTRY 4. POLLUTION 5. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS PERIODIC TABLE GLOSSARY IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY IN OUR DAILY LIFE – PART…
TOPIC 5: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS The Concept of Qualitative Analysis The Meaning of Qualitative Analysis Explain the meaning of qualitative analysis Qualitative analysis involves determining metals and non metals (or metallic and non-metallic elements) present in a given sample. It is a process used to determine what elements (or radicals) are present in the sample. Whereas quantitative analysis involves determining how much (quantity) of a substance is present in a sample, qualitative analysis involves identifying what (quality) substances are present in a sample. Qualitative analysis may be divided into examination of: acidic or non-metallic radicals or negative ions; basic or metallic radicals,…
TOPIC 4: POLLUTION Pollution can be defined as the introduction by human (or animal) activities, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the environment resulting in harmful effects which may endanger human health and harm living resources and ecosystems. Concept of Pollution The Concept of Pollution Explain the concept of pollution Pollution can also be defined as the introduction of contaminants or pollutants into the natural environment. The environment comprises of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things such as plants, animals, air, land and water. Contaminants or pollutants are harmful substances introduced into the environment that disturb the balance…
TOPIC 3: SOIL CHEMISTRY Soil Formation Soil Formation Describe soil formation Soil is formed by the process of weathering. All types of weathering (physical, chemical or biological) result to disintegration of rocks into smaller particles. Air and water enter the space between these particles and chemical changes take place, which lead to the production of chemical substances. Bacteria and plant life soon appear. When plants and animals die, they decay and produce humus. Bacteria and other decomposers play a vital role in the decomposition of plant and animal substrata. The end product of these mechanical, chemical and biological processes is…
TOPIC 2: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Introduction to Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Due to the ability of carbon to form chains of atoms, and for other atoms or groups of atoms to be attached to these chains, there are a huge number of carbon compounds. All organic compounds contain carbon together with one or more other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and the halogens. Normally every compound of carbon is an organic compound. Even after discovering that these compounds could be synthesized in the laboratory, the definition that they are organic (of organic nature, that is,…
TOPIC 1: NON METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS General Chemical Properties of Non Metals The non-metals are very reactive and most of them react with other elements to form different compounds. The following are important chemical properties of non-metals which are connected with their tendency towards electron gain in the course of formation of compounds: 1. The oxide of a non-metal is either acidic or neutral but never basic. The oxide of a non-metal is a covalent compound. Being acidic, it combines with water to form an acid, e.g. 2. A non-metal never replaces hydrogen in an acid to form a…
CHEMISTRY NOTES FOR FORM THREE We have: Notes 1 and Notes 2 Notes 1 To view the Notes, click the following links below: TOPIC 1 – CHEMICAL EQUATIONS TOPIC 2 – HARDNESS OF WATER TOPIC 3 – ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS TOPIC 4 – THE MOLE CONCEPT AND RELATED CALCULATIONS TOPIC 5 – VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS TOPIC 6 – IONIC THEORY AND ELECTROLYSIS TOPIC 7 – CHEMICAL KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND ENERGETICS TOPIC 8 – EXTRACTIONS OF METALS TOPIC 9 – COMPOUNDS OF METALS Notes 2 To view the Notes, click the following links below: 1. CHEMICAL…
TOPIC 9: COMPOUNDS OF METALS Metals combine with other substances to form compounds. There is a diversity of metal compounds known. One can make an endless list of the compounds of the metals. In this chapter, we are going to concentrate our efforts on the following compounds of the metals: oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and hydrogencarbonates, nitrates, chlorides and sulphates. Oxides Preparation of Oxides of Some Metals by Direct and Indirect Methods Prepare oxides of some metals by direct and indirect methods All elements except helium, neon and argon form compounds with oxygen. This is because oxygen is quite reactive. Binary…
TOPIC 8: EXTRACTIONS OF METALS Occurrence and Location of Metals in Tanzania Locations of Important Metal Ores in Tanzania Identify locations of important metal ores in Tanzania Most metals are found naturally as compounds called minerals. Rocks are made up of crystals of metals. An ore is a rock that contains enough of a metal compounds for it to be worth extracting the metal. The most common ores contain oxides. An example is the ore haematite, which contains iron (III) oxide. Some contain other metal compounds. Malachite contains copper (II) carbonate. Tanzania is blessed with an assortment of minerals. The mineral…
