TOPIC 6: REPRODUCTION Concept of Reproduction Reproduction is the ability of living organisms to form new individuals of the same species from those already in existence. Here, the new organisms replace those that have died and so life continues. It can also be defined as the process whereby organisms produce new individuals of the same species. It is one of the important features of living things. The Merits and Demerits of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Explain the merits and demerits of sexual and asexual reproduction Sexual Reproduction This is a type of reproduction in which new organism is produced when…
Author: Msomi Bora
TOPIC 5: REGULATION Concept of Regulation The Concept of Regulation Explain the concept of regulation Living organisms are subjected to wide variations in temperature, light, acidity, salinity, wind speeds, availability of water minerals and nutrients. These environmental factors create a shifting external setting to which organisms must adjust or die. The central problem for a living thing is to maintain a steady state internally in the force of an often harsh and fluctuating external environment. Homeostasis is the maintaining of a constant condition of the internal environment of the body by regulatory process. OR It is the maintenance of constant…
TOPIC 4: EXCRETION Concept of Excretion The Concept of Excretion Explain the concept of excretion Chemical reactions occur in the cells of living organisms all the time to carry out the life processes. The sum of these reactions is called metabolism. Metabolism produces useful products as well as toxic (poisonous) by-products. These toxic substances have to be removed as they are harmful if allowed to accumulate. The removal of metabolic waste products from the body of an organism is known as excretion. The major excretory products are carbon dioxide, excess water, and nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, urea, uric acid, etc.…
TOPIC 3: COORDINATION Concept of Coordination. The Concept of Coordination in Organisms Explain the concept of coordination in organisms Coordination is the working together of the various organs of an organism in a systematic manner so as to produce a proper response to the stimuli. Without coordination the body becomes disorderly and it may fail to function properly. The Ways in Which Coordination is Brought About Outline the ways in which coordination is brought about The coordination in simple multicellular animals takes place through nervous systemonly. The control and coordination in higher animals called vertebrates (including humanbeings) takes place through nervous…
TOPIC 2: MOVEMENT Concept of Movement and Locomotion The Concept of Movement and Locomotion Explain the concept of movement and locomotion Movement refers to change of position and posture. Therefore the change of position of body parts such as limbs and other body parts. Locomotion is the movement or change of position of the whole organism from one place to another. But normally organisms have different kinds of movement. Plants show movement but do not show locomotion. Since…
TOPIC 1: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Kingdom Plantae, Division Coniferophyta (Conifers) General and Distinctive Features of the Division Coniferophyta Explain general and distinctive features of the division coniferophyta Division Coniferophyta or the conifers belong to Kingdom Plantae. These plants are gymnosperms meaning non-flowering. They are non-flowering but seed bearing plants. They have vascular tissues. They are woody plants majority being evergreen trees. Few varieties are shrubs What are the general and distinctive features of the Division Coniferophyta? General characteristics They have secondary growth whose thickening can be observed in cross section of a stem revealing annual rings. Secondary Growth is…
BIOLOGY NOTES FOR FORM TWO We have:Notes 1 and Notes 2Notes 1To view the Notes, click the following links below: TOPIC 1 – CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS TOPIC 2 – NUTRITION TOPIC 3 – BALANCE OF NATURE TOPIC 4: TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS IN LIVING THINGS TOPIC 5: GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND RESPIRATIONNotes 2To view the Notes, click the following links below:1. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS2. NUTRITION3. NUTRITION IN ANIMALS4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM5. NUTRITION IN PLANTS6. FOOD PROCESSING, PRESERVATION, AND STORAGE7. BALANCE OF NATURE8. TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS IN LIVING ORGANISMS9. TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN MAMMALS10. TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN PLANTS11. GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND RESPIRATIONGLOSSARYWAYS TO STAY HEALTHY…
TOPIC 5: GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND RESPIRATION The Concept of Gaseous Exchange Organs Responsible for Gaseous Exchange in Living Organisms Identify organs responsible for gaseous exchange in living organisms Organs responsible for gaseous exchange in living organisms include the following: ORGANISMRESPIRATORY SURFACE AmoebaCell membrane InsectsTracheal system SpiderBook lung FishGills PlantsLeaves, stems, roots AmphibiansSkin, gills and lungs MammalsLungs BirdsLungs reptilesLungs Features of Respiratory Surface They are thin to reduce diffusion distance They are moist to dissolve gaseous so that they dissolve and diffuse in solution form They are highly braced, folded or flattened in order to increase the surface area for gaseous…
TOPIC 4: TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS IN LIVING THINGS The Concept of Transportation of Materials in Living Things The Concept of Transportation of Materials in Living Things Explain the concept of transportation of materials in living things Unicellular organisms (for example amoeba), nutrients (for example oxygen and food) and waste products (for example carbon dioxide) can simply diffuse into or out of the cells from the surroundings. But in multi cellular organisms (for example humans and trees), many cells are very far away from the body surface, hence a transport system is required for the exchange of materials. Organisms require transport…
BIOLOGY NOTES FOR FORM ONEWe have:Notes 1 and Notes 2Notes 1To view the Notes, click the following links below: TOPIC 1 – INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY TOPIC 2 – SAFETY IN OUR ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 3 – CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION TOPIC 4 – CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGSNotes 2To view the Notes, click the following links below:1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY2. BIOLOGY LABORATORY3. SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES4. FIRST AID AND SAFETY5. WASTE DISPOSAL6. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND GOOD MANNERS7. HEALTH, IMMUNITY AND DISEASES8. STIS, STDS, HIV AND AIDS9. CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION10. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS11. VIRUSES, KINGDOM MONERA AND KINGDOM PROTOCTISTAGLOSSARYWAYS TO STAY HEALTHY – PART 1 1. Measure and Watch…
